If the quote appears on a single page, use “p.” if it spans a page range, use “pp.”Īn APA in-text citation can be parenthetical or narrative. To cite a direct quote in APA, you must include the author’s last name, the year, and a page number, all separated by commas. Three of the most common styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago. This looks slightly different depending on the citation style you’re using. Thus, the researchers determined that the use of electronic devices-such as cell phones-while driving can possibly place enough additional demands on the drivers’ mental capacity to compromise their ability to operate a vehicle safely.How to cite a quote in APA, MLA and ChicagoĮvery time you quote, you must cite the source correctly. Not surprisingly, tasks involving significant visual demand have the greatest potential for negative effects on driver performance. At the same time, not all secondary tasks are created equal, and we would expect some tasks to interfere with driving more than others. Any concurrent task would necessarily involve procedural steps and thus, whether large or small, create additional cognitive workload. The heavy cognitive workload of driving suggests that any secondary task has the potential to affect driver behavior. In their investigation of the way the human mind deals with multitasking, Salvucci and Taatgen determined that driving is an act that requires drivers to engage in a variety of simultaneous subtasks when drivers choose to add interaction with an electronic device to an already complex activity, the new demands on their minds can distract them from their primary task: On the other hand, research should also be valid, verifiable, and unbiased, to attain the overarching goal of gaining obtaining generalisable knowledge. Such interests weigh against regulations. In that respect research has an interest in being free, independent and unrestricted. Simonsen (2012) outlines the two opposing viewpoints:įreedom of research is undoubtedly a cherished ideal in our society. If the author’s name and the year of publication appear in the introductory sentence, the parenthetical in-text citation at the end of the paragraph should simply include the page number(s) of the original text, as shown in this example: Note that although the block quotation is formatted as a separate block of text, it is preceded by an introductory phrase or sentence(s) followed by a colon. One researcher outlines the viewpoints of both parties:įreedom of research is undoubtedly a cherished ideal in our society. Example: These results deserve further investigation.The end punctuation appears at the end of the last sentence in the quotation, not after the page number no additional punctuation appears after the parenthesis.Quotation marks are not added at the beginning or end of the quotation.The first line of the quotation is not indented more than the following lines, unless two or more paragraphs are quoted.The entire free standing block of the quoted material is indented 1” from the left margin (10 spaces) and is double-spaced throughout.
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